Perfect circles of stones cover the ground in parts of Alaska and the Norwegian islands of Spitsbergen. Elsewhere in the far north, stones form other striking patterns on the ground: polygons, stripes ...

Kidney stones are small, hard deposits made of minerals and reoccurring materials inside the kidneys. Stones often go unnoticed in the kidney until they move into the ureter – the tube connecting the ...

Urine is composed of numerous dissolved salts and minerals. Higher levels of these salts and minerals in the urine may result in the formation of stones in the kidney. Kidney stones are scientifically ...

Urine is a highly saturated solution of extremely complicated composition. Its basic organic constituents are urea, uric acid and its salts, formed by the oxidation of purines. In that fluid, ...