When Opto 22 took its Snap PAC programmable automation controller and I/O products family to Asia in recent years, it ran into an unanticipated requirement: the need for redundancy in control systems.

For example, while today’s pneumatic braking systems have fail-safe operational attributes, Daimler Truck’s Level 4 vehicles have an additional layer of electronic redundancy, using two ...

Furthermore, when component reliability is low (less than 0.7), multiple parallel components must be used to raise the overall system reliability to 0.9 or greater.

“Every smart autonomous driving system needs a strong foundation: our Level 4 vehicle platform based on the Freightliner Cascadia is ideal for integration of autonomous software, hardware and compute.

Nio claims aircraft-level, three-layer redundancy for its ET9 luxury flagship's steer-by-wire system. Was Tesla’s as carefully developed?