Many of the shell middens became road fill, which was a particularly big loss: Shells are alkaline, so they often preserve the items buried underneath them. But research continues, and the middens ...

For thousands of years, Native Americans relied upon the oyster as an indispensable food source and building material. From ...

There is evidence of both faunalturbation (an animal hole) and cultural formation processes (a post hole) in this deposit and they have affected the shell layer beneath. A midden is an accumulation of ...