As governments and industry move to ban the culling of male chicks, a central question continues to shape public policy, research funding and ethical debates: When can a chick embryo feel pain?

The eggs were placed in an artificial culture vessel made of transparent film, allowing for real-time observation of the chick embryo's development ... them for three days and then hatching ...

A dissected chick embryo was cultured and live imaged on a microscope and cellular flow was studied. (B) PIV analysis showing streamlines, indicating an asymmetrical bilateral rotation of the ...

Figure 2: Early left–right asymmetrical genetic cascades in the chick embryo. Evolutionary conservation of the nodal flow mechanism. The fact that the generation of the nodal flow seemed only to ...

Embryos were incubated for 2 days and developed to stages 10–13 according ... to HH stages 10–11 chick embryos accumulated in the caudal portion of the embryo and foregut epithelium and ...