Dangers come but dangers also go and when they do, the brain has an "all-clear" signal that teaches it to extinguish its fear ...

The neurotransmitter dopamine has often been linked to pleasure ... Dr. Sharpe and her colleagues carried out a series of experiments on rats. During these experiments, they employed a Pavlovian ...

"We thought: Let's go back to the most basic kind of experiment and start all over again," she says. That meant using sensitive new dopamine sensors to track the neurotransmitter's release in the ...

It was only later that dopamine came to be known as the canonical reward molecule. Experiments in the 1970s and early 1980s showed that low-level electrical stimulation of certain brain regions was a ...